FUNCTIONAL COATINGS FOR REMOVING PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN WATER: CURRENT STATE OF THE ART REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20535/2218-930032025347773Keywords:
adsorption coatings, anti-fouling coatings, catalytic coatings, functional coatings, persistent organic pollutants, water treatmentAbstract
Persistent organic pollutants in water, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, pesticides, dyes, and pharmaceutical residues, are difficult to remove due to their high chemical stability, mobility, and toxicity. Traditional approaches based on the use of bulk sorbents or catalysts are often ineffective due to system pressure drops, material losses, limited on-site regeneration, and difficult integration into compact modular units. This review summarises the current state of functional coatings as immobilised, regenerative and modular-ready platforms for reducing persistent organic pollutants. Adsorption coatings are discussed with a focus on MXenes, layered double hydroxide, metal-organic frameworks / covalent organic framewor films, N-doped carbons, and ion-imprinted polymers, highlighting trade-offs between capacity, selectivity, stability in water, and regeneration pathways. Catalytic coatings for advanced oxidation processes are considered in systems based on g-C3N4, TiO2, BiVO4/BiOBr photocatalysts, M–N–C materials for electro-Fenton processes, and perovskite oxides, with an emphasis on radical generation efficiency and stability in realistic aquatic environments. Antifouling and hydrophilic top layers, including PEG-type polymers and zwitterionic polymers, are considered as elements that ensure long-term efficiency by reducing organic and biological contamination. Finally, the role of carriers (ceramic monoliths, polymer ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis membranes, and metal or textile frames) and multilayer architectures is analysed in terms of adhesion, compatibility between layers, and scalable production. Key unresolved issues include coating durability, resistance to delamination, regeneration strategies that do not generate secondary waste, and harmonised metrics for comparing performance in complex water bodies.
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