ADSORPTIVE AND PHOTOCATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF THE ZnO/BENTONITE/Ag HETEROJUNCTION

Authors

  • Oleksiy Klimenkov National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Ukraine
  • Iryna Ivanenko National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Ukraine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6885-3662

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20535/2218-930032023301934

Keywords:

bentonite, heterojunction, malachite green, photocatalyst, sol-gel, zinc oxide

Abstract

The degradation of organic wastewater pollutants from diverse sources represents a critical scientific challenge, particularly in light of the escalating demand for dyes across various industries. Addressing this challenge entails the exploration of efficient and eco-friendly methods to convert organic pollutants into benign and straightforward compounds, leveraging state-of-the-art photocatalysts. The synthesis was conducted via the novel sol-gel method. Structural, crystalline, elemental and phase parameters were analyzed using X-ray analysis, chemical surface characteristics investigated through infrared  spectroscopy, band gap determination performed via diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and evaluation of adsorption and photocatalytic activity carried out for the semiconductor photocatalyst ZnO and heterojunctions incorporating bentonite. The synthesized photocatalysts were employed for the removal of malachite green dye. Equilibrium studies for adsorption were conducted using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, revealing a superior fit with the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity was determined as 70.4 mg/g using the Langmuir equation. Kinetic parameters indicated that the adsorption of malachite green on bentonite followed a first-order kinetics model where k1=0,152 min-1. The photodegradation efficiency of ZnO, ZnO/bentonite, and Zn/bentonite/Ag was investigated by static experiment under ultraviolet irradiation. Within 60 minutes, a 99.4% photodegradation of the malachite green solution at a concentration of 100 mg/L was achieved using the ternary heterojunction photocatalyst. Remarkably, within just 10 minutes in the presence of the ternary composite, a degree of photocatalytic degradation reaching 72% was attained, which significantly exceeds the results of the binary heterojunction photocatalyst. Thus, the synthesized heterojunction exhibits notable photocatalytic activity, particularly evident within short time intervals. A proposed mechanism for the photocatalytic degradation of malachite green is outlined based on existing literature sources.

References

Ahmad, S.; Su, X.; Yang, C.; Wang, X.; Liu, X.; Wang, J. Space-confined growth of layered basic zinc acetate nanosheets and their orderly fragmented ZnO nanoparticles on clay platelets. J. Hazard. Mater. 2019, 371, 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.111.

Amigun, A. T.; Adekola, F. A.; Tijani, J. O.; Mustapha, S. Photocatalytic degradation of malachite green dye using nitrogen/sodium/iron-TiO2 nanocatalysts. Results Chem. 2022, 4, 100480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100480.

Anantha, M. S.; Olivera, S.; Hu, C.; Jayanna, B. K.; Reddy, N.; Venkatesh, K.; Muralidhara, H. B.; Naidu, R. Comparison of the photocatalytic, adsorption and electrochemical methods for the removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions. Environ Technol Inno. 2020, 17, 100612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.100612.

Barapatre, A.; Aadil, K. R.; Jha, H. Biodegradation of Malachite Green by the Ligninolytic Fungus Aspergillus flavus. CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water 2017, 45 (4), 1600045. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201600045.

Bian, H.; Zhang, Z.; Xu, X.; Gao, Y.; Wang, T. Photocatalytic activity of Ag/ZnO /AgO/TiO2 composite. Phys. E: Low-Dimens. Syst. Nanostructures. 2020, 124, 114236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2020.114236.

Bogatu, C.; Covei, M.; Polo-López, M. I.; Duta, A.; Malato, S. Novel ZnO photocatalysts for pollutants’ abatement under solar radiation at pilot plant scale. Catal. Today 2023, 413-415, 113947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2022.11.008.

Chen, X.; Liu, A.; Chen, Q.; Liu, Y.; Zou, L.; McKeown, M. J. Simultaneous ocular and muscle artifact removal from EEG data by exploiting diverse statistics. Comput Biol Med 2017, 88, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2017.06.013.

Chen, Y.; Xu, M.; Wen, J.; Wan, Y.; Zhao, Q.; Cao, X.; Ding, Y.; Wang, Z. L.; Li, H.; Bian, Z. Selective recovery of precious metals through photocatalysis. Nat. Sustain. 2021, 4 (7), 618–626. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00697-4.

Elkady, M. F.; Mahmoud, M. M.; Abd-El-Rahman, H. M. Kinetic approach for cadmium sorption using microwave synthesized nano-hydroxyapatite. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 2011, 357 (3), 1118–1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2010.10.021.

Freitas, W. A.; Soares, B. E. C. F.; Rodrigues, M. S.; Trigueiro, P.; Honorio, L. M. C.; Peña-Garcia, R.; Alcântara, A. C. S.; Silva-Filho, E. C.; Fonseca, M. G.; Furtini, M. B.; et al. Facile synthesis of ZnO-clay minerals composites using an ultrasonic approach for photocatalytic performance. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2022, 429, 113934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113934.

Gupta, A. K. XRF Studies for Chemical Composition and Molecular Formula of Jharkhand Bentonite. OSR-JAC 2013, 4, 42–46.

Javanbakht, V.; Mohammadian, M. Photo-assisted advanced oxidation processes for efficient removal of anionic and cationic dyes using Bentonite/TiO2 nano-photocatalyst immobilized with silver nanoparticles. J. Mol. Struct. 2021, 1239, 130496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130496.

Khan, M. D.; Singh, A.; Khan, M. Z.; Tabraiz, S.; Sheikh, J. Current perspectives, recent advancements, and efficiencies of various dye-containing wastewater treatment technologies. J. Water Proc.engineering 2023, 53, 103579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.103579.

Klimenkov, O. M.; Ivanenko, I. M.; Hutsul, K. R.; Shust, V. I. Sol-Gel Synthesis OF ZnО Photocatalyst For Diclofenac Degradation. Environ. Saf. Technol. Environ. Prot. 2023, 5, 64–70.

Liang, X.; Hou, W.; Xu, Y.; Sun, G.; Wang, L.; Sun, Y.; Qin, X. Sorption of lead ion by layered double hydroxide intercalated with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 2010, 366 (1), 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.05.012.

Lacerda, E. H. C.; Lacerda, L. H. d. S.; Andrade, A. V. C. d.; Fujiwara, S. T.; Kloss, J. R. Spectroscopic, mineralogical and photocatalytic characterization of bentonite clay: A jointed DFT and experimental approach. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem. 2023, 445, 115077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.115077.

Murakami, N.; Ono, A.; Nakamura, M.; Tsubota, T.; Ohno, T. Development of a visible-light-responsive rutile rod by site-selective modification of iron(III) ion on {1 1 1} exposed crystal faces. Appl Catal B-Environ 2010, 97, 115–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.03.030.

Philips-Invernizzi, B.; Dupont, D.; Caze, C. Bibliographical review for reflectance of diffusing media. Opt. Eng. 2001, 40, 1082–1092. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1370387.

Pourhakkak, P.; Taghizadeh, M.; Taghizadeh, A.; Ghaedi, M. Chapter 2 - Adsorbent. In Interface Sci, Ghaedi, M. Ed.; Vol. 33; Elsevier, 2021; pp 71–210.

Olivera, S.; Nataraj, D.; S Puthran, A.; Dinesh, A.; Venkatesh, K.; Muralidhara, H. Alpha-Cellulose Derived from Teakwood Sawdust for Cationic Dyes Removal. Mater. Focus 2018, 7. https://doi.org/10.1166/mat.2018.1490.

Zhang, W.; Hu, Y.; Ma, L.; Zhu, G.; Wang, Y.; Xue, X.; Chen, R.; Yang, S.; Jin, Z. Progress and Perspective of Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction for Renewable Carbonaceous Fuels and Chemicals. Adv. Sci. 2018, 5 (1), 1700275. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201700275.

Zhuang, Y.; Yu, F.; Ma, J.; Chen, J. Facile synthesis of three-dimensional graphene–soy protein aerogel composites for tetracycline adsorption. Desalination and Water Treat. 2016, 57 (20), 9510–9519. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1029530.

Zhuang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Ma, P.; Jiang, T.; Yang, Y.; Milliken, R.; Hsu, W. Visible and near-infrared reflectance spectra of igneous rocks and their powders. Icar 2022, 391, 115346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115346.

Downloads

Published

2024-11-20

Issue

Vol. 37 No. 3 (2023)

Section

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

License

Copyright (c) 2023 Klimenkov O., Ivanenko I.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

The ownership of copyright remains with the Authors.

Authors may use their own material in other publications provided that the Journal is acknowledged as the original place of publication and National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” as the Publisher.

Authors are reminded that it is their responsibility to comply with copyright laws. It is essential to ensure that no part of the text or illustrations have appeared or are due to appear in other publications, without prior permission from the copyright holder.

WPT articles are published under Creative Commons licence:
  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. The use of the material for commercial purposes is not permitted.

  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.